The Five Overexcitablities

This post specifically focuses on ‘giftedness’ as an interpretation understood to describe those with high IQ.

"When I read, I can see the words from the book come off the page and fly around, then the characters circulate in the space around me."

Profoundly 'gifted' child, age 8

'Gifted' individuals can often have remarkable intensity, boundless energy, and often unexpected reactions. This heightened way of experiencing the world is due to an inborn phenomenon known as overexcitabilities (Dabrowski) found frequently in 'gifted' individuals. These powerful responses to external and internal stimuli cover a spectrum from intellectual to emotional and sensory experiences, paving the way for unparalleled accomplishments and distinct challenges.

But what is the intricate world of overexcitabilities that is found in so many 'gifted' people?

In the world of the 'gifted', overexcitability is not just a term-it’s commonly a lived experience that transcends ordinary sensitivity. It’s a heightened state of awareness, an intense reaction to stimuli, and an extraordinary capacity for feeling and thought.

Overexcitability (OE) in 'gifted' individuals originates from the work of Kazimierz Dabrowski. Dabrowski’s Theory of Positive Disintegration emphasises the positive role of inner conflict and suffering in advanced development. OE is characterised by heightened responsiveness to stimuli, leading to intense and frequent reactions. While definitive research is limited, the association between OE and 'giftedness' is well-supported, with more intensity and frequency found in the highly 'gifted.' A recent meta-analysis comparing 'gifted' individuals with 'non-gifted' individuals found significant mean effect sizes for all five OEs (psychomotor, sensual, intellectual, imaginational, and emotional). Another noted that this relationship is particularly pronounced and found more frequently and with greater intensity among highly 'gifted' individuals. The research suggested that as the level of 'giftedness' increases, so does the likelihood and intensity of experiencing overexcitabilities.

Additionally, researchers have found that the ‘hyper brain/hyper body theory’ suggests that 'gifted' and highly sensitive people with high cognitive abilities also have a hyper-reactive central nervous system—sensory information reaches brains much faster than it does for the average person, and information is processed in a shorter time frame.

These neurological distinctions underscore why many 'gifted' and profoundly 'gifted' individuals experience the world differently, with heightened sensitivity and responsiveness across various domains of overexcitability.

This phenomenon often manifests in five distinct areas: psychomotor, sensual, intellectual, imaginational, and emotional.

The Five Overexcitabilities

Psychomotor Overexcitability: 'Gifted' people can often appear restless due to psychomotor excitablilities. This abundance of energy can lead to rapid speech, zealous enthusiasm for new projects, and an insatiable drive to create. Often the brain never stops thinking.

Sensual Overexcitability: The World can appear in High Definition. Every sense is amplified. Colors are more vivid, sounds are richer, and textures are more nuanced. It’s as if the volume of life is turned up to its maximum.

Intellectual Overexcitability: The quest for knowledge is unending. Questions beget more questions, and every answer leads to deeper enquiry. It's an ongoing journey.

Imaginational Overexcitability: Often known for their whacky ideas, imagination knows no bounds. Fantasies are vivid, dreams are epic narratives, and creativity flows unimpeded. Even the smallest detail leads to a world of possibilities.

Emotional Overexcitability: 'Gifted' people are often intense. Emotions are felt with profound depth. Joy is euphoric; sadness is all-consuming. Their morals and integrity is often extreme. However, they often live in a world of extreme highs and lows.

Sensual Overexcitability is characterised by an acute sensitivity to sensory input, where individuals perceive the world in a more intensified manner. This heightened awareness can lead to an enriched appreciation of aesthetics and sensory experiences, such as a deeper enjoyment of art, nature, and nuanced flavors or textures.

Despite these benefits, there are significant drawbacks. The increased sensory input can result in overload, particularly in environments with excessive noise or activity, causing discomfort or a need for withdrawal. Additionally, the intensity of these experiences can be distracting and may elicit strong emotional responses that are difficult for others to comprehend.

Misinterpretation of these traits is common. For example, the same sensitivity that allows for rich experiences can be mistaken for Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD), where sensory information is not organised properly in the brain. Similarly, traits of Sensual Overexcitability may overlap with those of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), leading to potential misdiagnosis. Furthermore, the stress from constant sensory stimulation might be incorrectly identified as an anxiety disorder.

Recognising Sensual Overexcitability involves understanding its profound impact on perception and emotion. It’s crucial for individuals with this overexcitability to manage their environment to mitigate sensory overload and maintain well-being.

Intellectual Overexcitability is marked by an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and understanding. Individuals with this trait exhibit a continuous drive for learning, which sharpens their intellect and broadens their perspective. This relentless curiosity often translates into strong problem-solving skills and a propensity for innovative thinking, as they delve into complex concepts and seek to develop new ideas.

However, this insatiable mind comes with its own set of challenges. The perpetual quest for information can lead to feelings of dissatisfaction or frustration when questions remain unanswered. An intense preoccupation with intellectual pursuits may also cause overthinking, making decision-making a daunting task. Furthermore, the depth of intellectual engagement can create a sense of isolation from peers who may not share the same level of interest or curiosity.

Misunderstandings about Intellectual Overexcitability are not uncommon. The persistent need for mental stimulation can resemble behaviors associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Similarly, the focused interest in specific topics can be confused with traits of what used to be termed Asperger’s Syndrome. Additionally, the constant mental activity might be misinterpreted as anxiety, leading to an incorrect diagnosis of an anxiety disorder.

For those navigating Intellectual Overexcitability, it is essential to find equilibrium between the pursuit of knowledge and the necessities of rest and social interaction. It’s important to direct this intellectual vigor in productive ways while remaining vigilant about the risk of misdiagnosis.

Emotional Overexcitability is characterised by a profound capacity for feeling, which allows individuals to experience life with intense empathy and passion. This deep emotional resonance fosters strong interpersonal connections and often drives a fervent approach to life’s pursuits. The rich tapestry of emotions that individuals with this trait experience contributes to an inner world brimming with creativity and artistic potential.

However, this emotional depth also exposes individuals to greater vulnerability, as they may experience pain and hurt more acutely. The wide spectrum of emotions can lead to unpredictable mood swings, impacting personal well-being and relationships. Additionally, the intensity of these emotions can sometimes be overwhelming, posing challenges in managing everyday stressors. The combination of these overexcitabilities can lead to depression and anxiety or a solitory life.

Misdiagnosis is a risk for those with Emotional Overexcitability. The broad range of emotions they exhibit may be misinterpreted as symptoms of mood disorders like bipolar disorder. Moreover, their sensitivity to emotional stimuli might be confused with anxiety disorders.

For those navigating Emotional Overexcitability, it is essential to learn how to regulate the intensity of their emotions and find constructive outlets for their expression. Developing coping strategies that facilitate emotional balance is key, allowing them to embrace their depth of feeling as a distinctive asset.

Imaginational Overexcitability opens the door to a world where imagination knows no bounds. Individuals with this overexcitability possess the ability to conjure up vivid fantasies and narratives, enriching their creative expression across various art forms. This limitless imagination also lends itself to unique problem-solving techniques, often leading to original and inventive solutions.

Yet, this boundless realm comes with its own set of complications. The allure of the inner world can sometimes overshadow the external reality, causing distraction and disconnection. The depth of imaginational experiences may not always be understood or valued by others, potentially leading to social isolation. Additionally, a strong inclination towards imaginative activities can make routine or practical tasks seem less engaging.

Misinterpretations of Imaginational Overexcitability are common. The propensity for daydreaming and immersion in fantasy can be mistaken for inattention, a symptom often associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

To fully embrace Imaginational Overexcitability, it is crucial to acknowledge its value as a wellspring of creativity while ensuring it complements rather than detracts from reality. Finding practical outlets for imaginative thoughts and maintaining social connections are key to harnessing this overexcitability constructively.

Psychomotor Overexcitability manifests as an abundance of physical energy and rapid thought processes. This trait can enhance productivity, allowing individuals to engage in multiple projects with vigor and efficiency. The quickness of their mental and physical reflexes often enables them to respond swiftly to challenges, fostering a dynamic approach to problem-solving. Additionally, the relentless drive to act can fuel a diverse and prolific creative output.

Despite these advantages, there are inherent risks. The continuous surge of energy can lead to burnout if not managed properly. A tendency towards impulsivity may result in starting new endeavors without adequate planning or foresight. Moreover, this relentless energy can be misunderstood by others as hyperactivity or lack of focus.

Misdiagnosis is a concern for those with Psychomotor Overexcitability. The symptoms they display, such as high energy levels and rapid speech, can be mistaken for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The constant mental activity might also be misinterpreted as anxiety or nervousness. In children, this overexcitability can be wrongly identified as behavioral issues due to their restlessness and difficulty in maintaining focus on a single task for prolonged periods.

Understanding Psychomotor Overexcitability, especially in the 'profoundly gifted', requires discernment to appreciate its dual nature as both a gift and a challenge. It is crucial to create environments that positively channel this energy while remaining alert to the possibility of misdiagnosis.

Many 'gifted' individuals navigate life while experiencing all five forms of overexcitability, each adding a layer of complexity to their daily experiences. These overexcitabilities can often be mistaken for other conditions, leading to misdiagnoses that overlook the true nature of their 'giftedness'. In other instances, they may receive no accommodations at all, compounding the challenges they face. Proper identification and acceptance of 'giftedness' is crucial. Recognising the implications of these intense experiences is essential for providing the support needed to harness their full potential and ensure their well-being.

Overexcitability is both a gift and a trial that requires understanding, support, and, above all, acceptance.

In subsequent discussions, we will explore the tangible ways in which these overexcitabilities manifest in the daily lives and interactions of highly gifted individuals. We’ll examine real-world scenarios and provide insights into how these intense traits influence their relationships, work, and personal growth.

Our platform celebrates the multifaceted nature of ‘giftedness’ and its global significance. As the concept of ‘giftedness’ expands in many countries, we recognise its holistic impact on education and society. In our discussions, we acknowledge that inclusion does not imply exclusion. Specifically, when we focus on individuals with IQs above 130—a neurodiverse group with unique needs and often asynchronous development—we make it clear that this is the group under discussion. When addressing ‘giftedness’ as high ability, talent, or other interpretations of the term, we remain transparent about the variations within this group. This post specifically focuses on ‘giftedness’ as an interpretation understood to describe those with high IQ.